角色和职责:模块化项目的结构设计

The relationship between a 结构工程师 of Record (SEOR) and Specialty Structure Engineer (SSE) is understood for most traditional construction situations, 但是模块化项目有一些独特的考虑因素和合作机会.

大多数建筑项目, 的SEOR can designate that structural components be “designed by others” or delegated to a fabricator’s engineer. 在这些情况下, an SSE is retained by the fabricator to undertake the engineering and detailing of these “deferred” structural components. Section 107 of the 2021 IBC defines the roles of 的SEOR and SSE with regard to construction documents and deferred submittals.

There are several reasons an SEOR may choose to delegate the full design and detailing of a structural component to a fabricator’s engineer—for example, 更充分地利用制造商的设计和制造效率. 委托设计的常见用途包括金属板连接木桁架, 预制混凝土, 以及钢楼梯组件. 在某些情况下，这些组件是制造商或制造商专有的.

模块化结构和委托设计

模块化结构是委托设计条件的一个很好的例子. 然而, 在许多情况下，SEOR和SSE的角色和职责可能重叠, 推动设计团队和建筑行业之间明确协调的需求. 由于模块化建筑的范围是如此之大的建筑体积的百分比, 这种协调至关重要.

例如, modular construction typically has a definite horizontal plane separating the modular portion of the project from the portion built on site. 这个水平面通常位于基础水平模块单元与基础相遇的地方, 并由一个爬行空间或板上的等级. 在其他情况下, 水平面位于基础模块单元和混凝土平台之间.

在最简单的情况下, SEOR将负责设计建筑物水平面以下的部分, 而模块化制造商将负责水平面以上的一切. 在其他情况下——e.g., if there are vertical planes between these scope separations or rooftop features outside the modular scope—the separation of design responsibilities may be more complex.

A less common approach is to have the same structural design team responsible for both 的SEOR and SSE scope. The critical difference is that the structural team must be proficient in site-built design components as well as the modular manufacturer’s internal systems and processes—including 制造 process, 模块化机组装置工艺, 以及组件偏好. It is highly recommended that this expertise be developed through the observation of manufacturing processes and field installations. 虽然这可能需要一个学习曲线, having one entity responsible for the complete structural scope can increase both design efficiency and coordination. 它还消除了系统之间设计范围转换的灰色地带.

The MEP engineering team and 架构师ural team could follow this same approach of merging scopes into a single-source consultant, 但是他们必须对结构和建筑要求有同样深入的理解.

SEOR和SSE之间的合作机会

超出水平面上下的界限, 模块化结构的特定方面使其设计从SEOR推迟到SSE. 例如, 在堆叠模块单元的体积内, 模块化制造商的SSE可以提供重力和横向载荷系统的结构设计. 这包括封装模块单元内的本地化框架和模块单元堆栈之间的连接. Lateral load connections between vertical modular stacks are heavily influenced by the setting sequence and which face of the structure is exposed in the field. 作为模块设置, conditions will arise where direct access to the face of the structure is blocked by the previously set modular unit. 装置内的饰面也可能限制现场连接的位置和访问. 由于这些考虑通常会产生对创造性连接解决方案的需求, 对于结构工程师来说，具有模块化连接条件的经验是有帮助的.

与所有项目类型一样, 的SEOR, 作为设计专业负责人, 是否会指定模块化单元和整体结构的设计标准. 这包括重力和横向载荷情况下的所有一般和特定设计标准. The SEOR will also provide full design and detailing of the structure’s podium (if applicable) and foundation system. 这些系统需要被设计成能够承受叠加的负载, 横向和重力, 从模块化系统, creating a design sequencing challenge if the 加载路径 and magnitudes of loads from the modular manufacturer are not established early. SEOR可能需要估计这些叠加的负载, 从已知的加载路径布局, 然后在制造商确定特定模块的信息后进行调整. 这是让制造商尽早参与项目的另一个原因.

SEOR vs .责任的潜在灰色地带. SSE与基础模块单元与裙房或基础之间的连接有关. 如果早期选择模块化供应商作为设计协助合作伙伴, 这可以很容易地进行讨论和协调. The location and style of connections will most likely be driven by the manufacturer’s engineer to align with their 制造 preferences 和安装 sequencing. This may require 的SEOR to have a specific foundation or podium component designed to receive this gravity or lateral load connection.

独特的工程方面

The decision to utilize modular construction for all or part of a structure should be made at the earliest stage of project development. Including modular systems will result in framing systems that are significantly different than conventional on-site wood framing systems. This will affect the 加载路径 for gravity and lateral loads as they are delivered to the foundation or podium systems. 它还将修改MEP系统如何通过结构组件路由.

Selecting a manufacturer in the schematic or pre-design stage of a project can also provide significant value to the owner, 架构师, SEOR, 和机电工程师. 制造商在框架系统和MEP布局上有所不同. 他们对与建筑有关的各个方面也有偏好, 运输, 并安装模块化单元. 这些差异中的许多都会影响大小, 高度, 加载路径, 并进行模块化施工项目的总体布局.

制造商之间可能存在差异的领域包括(但不限于): 

• 制造和运输的最大模块化宽度和长度
• 框架的深度和地板和天花板的构成
• 副壁间距
• 护套类型、地板和墙壁
• MEP系统路由策略
• 框架方向在独特的角或非典型的模块化形状
• 受安装偏好影响的设计方面
• 模块化机组安装顺序
• 框架风格，以适应运输和起重模块单元的规定

Utilizing the manufacturer’s knowledge and assistance throughout the design phases will create efficiencies in all aspects of the project, 包括提交许可证, 制造, 和安装. 如果这是不可行的, the team will need to schedule time for design adjustments to accommodate the selected vendor’s offerings and preferences.

建筑信息建模

建筑信息建模 (BIM) has established itself as a critical and valuable component in the building industry, 其优点也可用于模块化建筑. 作为设计协助伙伴, the modular manufacturer can guide the design team on the proper level of modeling with the goal of BIM sharing between construction documents and 制造 drawings. Significant schedule efficiencies can be achieved if the design modeling is aligned and compatible with the development of modular 制造 shop drawings. 这种软件集成通常由模块化制造商领导.

允许

各个司法管辖区在许可模块化建筑所需的程序上有所不同. 现场建造部件的建筑许可将由当地管辖部门控制, 而模块化组件可能需要获得州一级劳工和工业部的许可和批准. Whatever combination exists will require all parties to fully understand the process for obtaining a full permit for construction. 因为大部分模块化项目都是在现场之外建造的, delegated design components may need to be submitted before or at the same time as permit submittal for the on-site portion of the project. This sequence may differ from conventional construction where a jurisdiction may allow delegated designs to be submitted after the permit is issued for construction start. 有关模块化项目许可和检查的独特条件的更多信息, 看看这个木制品 专家提示.

由Sandman结构工程师Nathan Hoffmann贡献